a) MEANING OF COUNSELLING
Counselling is the service offered to the individual who is under going a problem and needs professional help to overcome it. The problem keeps him disturbed high strung and under tension and unless solved his development is hampered or stunted. Counseling therefore is a more specialized service requiring training in personality development and handling exceptional groups of individuals.
According to Willey and Andrew Counseling involves two individuals one skeeking help and other a professionally trained person helped solved problems to orient and direct him to words a goals. Which needs to his maximum development and growth?
Counseling services are there fore required for individuals having developmental problems because of the handicap they suffer in any area of emotional either because of hereditary factors or environment conditions.
Generally such cases are only about five to seven percent in a population and therefore counseling is required only for such a small number. As compared to guidance which is for percent of individuals. Counseling involves a lot of time for the client to unfold the problem, gain an insight in to the complex situation.
Counseling techniques involve active listening, emphatic under standing releasing the pent up feelings confronting the client and so on counseling there fore is offered to only those individuals who are under serious problem and need professional help to overcome it.
References:
1. Guidance and Counseling for teachers parents and students Sister.Mary Wishala SND
2 Fundamental Principles of Guidance & Counselling. –R.Sharma
b) NEED OF COUNSELLING
Counselling is an integral part of an over-all programme of guidance. “Counselling is a specific process of assistance extended by an expert in an individual situation to a needy person”. This means the counseling situation arises when a needy person is face to face with and expert who makes available his assistance to the needy individual to fulfill his needs.
Need of counseling
There is an urgent need of introducing and strengthening the counseling service in the schools and colleges of our country to meet the various needs of the students administrational and the educational system.
1. To help in the total development of the student:
Along with the intellectual development proper motivation and clarification of goals and ideas to pupils in conformity with their basic potentialities and social tendencies are important total development of the student nauseates that individual differences among them are expected, accepted, understood and planned for and all types of experiences in an institution are to be so organized as to contribute to the total development of the student.
2. To help in the proper choices of courses
3. To help in the proper choices of carvers
4. To help in the students in vocational development
5. To develop readiness for choices and changes to face new challenges.
6. To minimize the mismatching between education and employment and help in the efficient use of manpower.
7. To motivate the youth for self employment.
8. To help freshers establish proper identity
Guidance and counseling service is needed to help students deal effectively with the normal developmental tasks of adolescence and face life situations boldly.
9. To identify and motivate the students form weaker sections of society.
10. To help the students in their period of turmoil and confusion.
11. To help in checking wastage and stagnation.
12. To identity and help students in need of special help.
13. There are such students as the gifted, the backward the handicapped who need special opportunities. They need special attention and opportunities.
14. To ensure the proper utilization of time spent outside the classrooms.
The manner in which student spend their non class hours clearly affects their success in achieving both academic competence and personal development of all types a positive direction to students should be provided by influencing how they can use those non class hours.
15. To help in talking problems arising out of students population explosion
16. To check migration to prevent brain drain.
17. To make up for the deficiencies of home.
18. To minimize the incidence of indiscipline.
Bargadon has mentioned the following situations where counseling in required:
1. When a pupil requires not only reliable information but also an interesting introspection of those in formations which can solve his personal difficulties.
2. When a pupil needs intelligent listener who has more experience than the pupil to whom he can recite his difficulties and through which can seek suggestions for his working plan.
3. When the counsellor has to assess those facilities which can help in resolving the pupil problems but the pupil doesn’t enjoy such an access to those facilities.
4. When the pupil has some problem but he is unaware of that problem and his development, he is to be made aware of that problem.
5. when the pupil is aware of the problem and difficulties created by the problem but he feels difficult to define it and to understand it that is, when the pupil is familiar with the presence of the problem and its nature but he is unable to face the problem due to this temporary tension and distraction.
6. When the pupil suffer the main maladjustment problem or some handicapped which is temporary and which needs careful long due diagnosis by an expert.
Majority of students lack a sense of direction, a sense of purpose and a sense of fulfillment and include in destructive activities which lead to social damage and loss. Adequate guidance and counselling facilities is the only answer to help and guide the youth to worthwhile channels and help them to realize the goals of optimum academic personal and social development.
Problems and needs in society are nothing new. But today they seen to be proliferating unprecedented rate. The unique problems in the changing family, cities in up level, conflicts in values, attitudes and moral , the new criticism about politics, economic factors the changing role of work, new pressure and demands on school and the problems of the youth all points out the needs for the counselling services. Guidance and counselling have a challenging role to play in every developing economy much more so if it is a labour surplus one.
References:
1. Fundamentals of Guidance and Counselling- R. S. Sharma
2. Guidance and Counselling-A. K. Nayak
c) SIGNIFICANCE OF COUNSELLING AT SECONDARY LEVEL
Introduction
The student life is getting complex day by day. Guidance and counselling is needed to help the students for optimum achievement and adequate adjustment in the varied life situations. Need analysis of the students in the schools shows the need of guidance and counselling services, in the education, profession, vocation, social, health, moral, personal and marital areas. It is a simple enough to say that guidance is a function of secondary education. This statement has been made over and over again.
There is a strong tendency among personnel in secondary schools to break up in to considerable array of interest groups principles, supervisors, class room teachers and counselors all join organizations and associations to which they manifest considerable interest.
Counselling
Counselling is a process of assistance extended by an expert in an individual situation to needy person. According to Carl Rogers counselling is a series of direct contact with the individual which aims to offer him assistance in changing the attitudes and behaviour.
Characteristics of Adolescence
Adolescence is best defined in relation to puberty . This is period which begins with puberty and ends with the several cessation of physical growth, it emerges from the later childhood and merges into adulthood. Adolescence is a critical period in the development of personal identity
A.T.Jersild observes Adol is that span of years during which boys and girls move from childhood to adulthood mentally, emotionally, socially and physically.
Significance of Guidance At Secondary Level
To help understand on going behavior interference theory provides a frame of reference in terms of four ideas.
The first is that people behave as they do because of various attitudes, assumptions and beliefs, they have about themselves from these assertions an individual makes decision about the feasibility of various kinds of behaviour. The adequacy of his behaviour is largely a function of the validity of this assertions.
The second idea is that as an individual initiates behaviour he observes its effects. This feed back to the individual can either confirm or disconfirm his assertions –
The third idea is that when assertions are disconfirmed, tent ions result which inhibit the reappraisal of assertions.
Fourth, because of the inflexibility and rigidity resulting from tensions, the individual strives harder to confirm initial assertions.
Significance of counselling
1. Decision marking construct:- The psychological problems of adolescents can be seen as decision making problems.
2. Conflict:- These decision making problems almost always involve some conflict, either because of factour emotional ambiguities or both.
3. Assertions:- Behaviour is a result at the assumptions, beliefs, and attitudes that one his about himself , others and the world in which her lives.
4. Disconfirmations:-The effects of behaviour following decisions are feed back to the individual perceived and they confirm or disconfirm ascertain to varying degrees.
5. Tension:- When assertions are disconfirmed, tensions result.
6. Redundancy:- Tensions inhibit the ability of an individual to reexamine his assertions and attempt to confirm them and thus they cause redundant behaviour.
Conclusion
The general public tends to view counselling as a remedial function and emphasizes immediate goals, such as problem solution , tension reduction and the like .counselee may refer to the resolution of a particular conflict or problem situation. Counselling in its spirit and essence is generative it aims at assisting the individual to develop such that he becomes psychologically mature and is capable at realizing his potentialities optimally. The Secondary school counselling needs a meaningful, realistic, practical frame of reference constituent with the short term nature at school counselling.
References:
1. Guidance and Counselling- A.David
2. Elementary Guidance and Counselling- Reshmi Agarwall
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Friday, March 4, 2011
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
ECLECTIC COUNSELING
ECLECTIC COUNSELLING
INTRODUCTION
Counseling is a generic service of student’s personal work having a wide range of activities and includes faculty advising, counseling in psychological clinics, mental hygiene and other specialized types of counseling. It is a body of techniques which helps young individuals to grow up normally through guided learning. Counseling has proved to be very useful for the development of an individual student. Colleges and Universities, industries and business establishments are becoming increasingly interested in counseling and its potential for improving interpersonal relationships. “Counseling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship between the people in which procedures vary with the nature of the student’s needs, but in which there is always mutual participation by the counselor and the student with the focus up on self-classification and self-determination by the student. ”
Counseling is classified in to different types. This division is done based on the nature of the counseling process and the part of the counselor. There are three main types of counseling. They are directive, non-directive and eclectic counseling. In directive counseling counselor is active. In non-directive, counselor is passive.
ECLECTIC COUNSELING
Eclectic counseling is defined as the synthesis and combination of directive and non-directive counseling. It represents a middle status between the two extremes represented by the ‘non-directive’ technique on one hand and the ‘directive’ technique on the other. In eclectic counseling, the counselor is neither too active as in the directive counseling nor too passive as in the non-directive counseling. He just follows the middle path between these two.
The chief advocate of this type of counseling is Thorne. In eclectic counseling, the needs of a person and his personality are studied by the counselor. After this the counselor selects those techniques, which will be useful for the person. The main techniques used are reassurance giving information, case history, testing etc.
In eclectic counseling the counselor first takes into consideration the personality and need of the counselee. He selects the directive or non-directive technique that seems to serve the purpose best. The counselor may start with the directive technique. When the situation demands, he may switch over to the non-directive counseling and vice-versa. An attempt is made to adjust the technique to the requirements of the situation and the individual.
Steps in Eclectic counseling
The leading exponent of the Eclectic counseling Thorne, suggested the following in the process;
1) Diagnosis of the cause.
2) Analysis of the problem.
3) Preparation of a tentative plan for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling.
5) Interviewing and stimulating the client to develop his own resources and to assume its responsibility for trying new modes of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of any related problems which may contribute to adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic Counseling
1) In general, passive methods should be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods may be used with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his story, passive techniques are usually the methods of choice. This permits emotional release.
4) Until simple methods have failed, complicated methods should not be attempted.
5) All counseling should be client centered.
6) Every client should be given an opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly. Inability of the client to progress through therapy as using passive methods alone is an indication for utilizing more directive methods.
7) Directive methods are usually indicated in situational mal adjustment where a solution cannot be achieved with out co-operation from other persons.
Characteristic of Eclectic Counseling
1) In this, objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning of counseling, client-active methods are used and the counselor remains passive.
3) In this, more importance is assigned to the job efficiency and treatment.
4) In this, the principle of low expenditure is emphasized.
5) In such counseling, for the use of all the methods and techniques, the professional efficiency and skill of the counselor are must.
6) Keeping in mind the need of the client, it is decided whether directive method or non-directive methods should be used.
7) Making an opportunity available to the client is insisted so that he may find himself the solution of the problem.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) Some people are of the view that eclectic counseling is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Both directive and non-directive counseling cannot be mixed together.
3) In this, the question arises how much freedom should be given to the client? For this there is non-definite rule.
4) The problem with an eclectic orientation is that counselors often do more harm than good if they have little or no understanding about what is helping the client.
Hierarchy of Eclectic Practices
McBride and Martin advocate a hierarchy of eclectic practices and discuss the importance of having a sound theoretical base as a guide. The lowest or first level of eclecticism is really syncretism – a sloppy unsystematic process of putting unrelated clinical concepts together. It is encouraged when graduate students are urged to formulate their own theories of counseling without first having experienced how tested models work. The second level of eclecticism is traditional. It incorporates “an orderly combination of compatible features from diverse sources harmonious whole“. Theories are examined in greater depth. On a third level, eclecticism is described as professional or theoretical or as theoretical integration.
This type requires that counselor master at least two theories before trying to make any combinations. A final level of eclecticism is called technical eclecticism. In this approach, procedures from different theories are selected and used in treatment.
CONCLUSION
F.C. Thorne, who is the exponent of this view, finds that it is possible for a counselor to alternate between directive and non-directive methods even in the same interview without disrupting the non-directive permissive relationship with the client. He selects the techniques according to the requirements of the situation and the individual. The counselor must be competent and proficient in the use of all available methods. The validity of the results is determined by the skill with which any method is used. The critical factor is not what method is used but rather the skill with which it is used.
(Notes in OHP Sheets)
Eclectic Counseling
- Synthetic and combination of directive and non-directive counseling
- Counselor is neither too active nor too passive
- Chief advocate: Thorne
- Counselor studies the personality and needs of client based on the need of client, eclectic counseling is used
-techniques used are:
· Reassurance
· Giving information
· Case history
· Testing
Counselor starts with directive technique, then switches on to the non-directive technique.
Steps in Eclectic Counseling
1) Diagnosis of the cause
2) Analysis of the problem
3) Preparing tentative plans for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling
5) Stimulating the client to develop his own resources and trying new models of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of related problems which help in adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic counseling
1) Passive methods must be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods are used only with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his stories passive methods are used. It permits emotional release.
4) Complex methods are used only when simple methods fail.
5) Client-centered
6) Client is given opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly.
7) Directive methods are used where co-operations of other persons are needed for the solution.
Characteristics of Eclectic Counseling
1) Objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning client active methods are used
3) Counselor remains passive.
4) Importance is given to job efficiency and treatment.
5) Principle of low expenditure.
6) Professional efficiency and skill of counselors are must.
7) Based on the need of client, directive and non-directive methods are used.
8) Provide opportunity to client to find solutions to his problems himself.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) It is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Directive and non-directive cannot be mixed.
3) How much freedom should be given to the client?
4) Lack of skill of counselor can do more harm than good.
[ REFERENCES
1) Guidance and Career Counseling (A.K Nayak., V.K Rao.)
2) Principle of Educational and Vocational Guidance (K .Sharma.)
3) Elementary Guidance and Counseling (Rashmi Agarwal)
4) Fundamentals of Guidance and Counseling (R.A. Sharma)
5) The Basic Essentials of Counseling (Indu Dave)
6) Guidance and Counseling (Indira Madhukas)
]
INTRODUCTION
Counseling is a generic service of student’s personal work having a wide range of activities and includes faculty advising, counseling in psychological clinics, mental hygiene and other specialized types of counseling. It is a body of techniques which helps young individuals to grow up normally through guided learning. Counseling has proved to be very useful for the development of an individual student. Colleges and Universities, industries and business establishments are becoming increasingly interested in counseling and its potential for improving interpersonal relationships. “Counseling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship between the people in which procedures vary with the nature of the student’s needs, but in which there is always mutual participation by the counselor and the student with the focus up on self-classification and self-determination by the student. ”
Counseling is classified in to different types. This division is done based on the nature of the counseling process and the part of the counselor. There are three main types of counseling. They are directive, non-directive and eclectic counseling. In directive counseling counselor is active. In non-directive, counselor is passive.
ECLECTIC COUNSELING
Eclectic counseling is defined as the synthesis and combination of directive and non-directive counseling. It represents a middle status between the two extremes represented by the ‘non-directive’ technique on one hand and the ‘directive’ technique on the other. In eclectic counseling, the counselor is neither too active as in the directive counseling nor too passive as in the non-directive counseling. He just follows the middle path between these two.
The chief advocate of this type of counseling is Thorne. In eclectic counseling, the needs of a person and his personality are studied by the counselor. After this the counselor selects those techniques, which will be useful for the person. The main techniques used are reassurance giving information, case history, testing etc.
In eclectic counseling the counselor first takes into consideration the personality and need of the counselee. He selects the directive or non-directive technique that seems to serve the purpose best. The counselor may start with the directive technique. When the situation demands, he may switch over to the non-directive counseling and vice-versa. An attempt is made to adjust the technique to the requirements of the situation and the individual.
Steps in Eclectic counseling
The leading exponent of the Eclectic counseling Thorne, suggested the following in the process;
1) Diagnosis of the cause.
2) Analysis of the problem.
3) Preparation of a tentative plan for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling.
5) Interviewing and stimulating the client to develop his own resources and to assume its responsibility for trying new modes of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of any related problems which may contribute to adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic Counseling
1) In general, passive methods should be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods may be used with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his story, passive techniques are usually the methods of choice. This permits emotional release.
4) Until simple methods have failed, complicated methods should not be attempted.
5) All counseling should be client centered.
6) Every client should be given an opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly. Inability of the client to progress through therapy as using passive methods alone is an indication for utilizing more directive methods.
7) Directive methods are usually indicated in situational mal adjustment where a solution cannot be achieved with out co-operation from other persons.
Characteristic of Eclectic Counseling
1) In this, objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning of counseling, client-active methods are used and the counselor remains passive.
3) In this, more importance is assigned to the job efficiency and treatment.
4) In this, the principle of low expenditure is emphasized.
5) In such counseling, for the use of all the methods and techniques, the professional efficiency and skill of the counselor are must.
6) Keeping in mind the need of the client, it is decided whether directive method or non-directive methods should be used.
7) Making an opportunity available to the client is insisted so that he may find himself the solution of the problem.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) Some people are of the view that eclectic counseling is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Both directive and non-directive counseling cannot be mixed together.
3) In this, the question arises how much freedom should be given to the client? For this there is non-definite rule.
4) The problem with an eclectic orientation is that counselors often do more harm than good if they have little or no understanding about what is helping the client.
Hierarchy of Eclectic Practices
McBride and Martin advocate a hierarchy of eclectic practices and discuss the importance of having a sound theoretical base as a guide. The lowest or first level of eclecticism is really syncretism – a sloppy unsystematic process of putting unrelated clinical concepts together. It is encouraged when graduate students are urged to formulate their own theories of counseling without first having experienced how tested models work. The second level of eclecticism is traditional. It incorporates “an orderly combination of compatible features from diverse sources harmonious whole“. Theories are examined in greater depth. On a third level, eclecticism is described as professional or theoretical or as theoretical integration.
This type requires that counselor master at least two theories before trying to make any combinations. A final level of eclecticism is called technical eclecticism. In this approach, procedures from different theories are selected and used in treatment.
CONCLUSION
F.C. Thorne, who is the exponent of this view, finds that it is possible for a counselor to alternate between directive and non-directive methods even in the same interview without disrupting the non-directive permissive relationship with the client. He selects the techniques according to the requirements of the situation and the individual. The counselor must be competent and proficient in the use of all available methods. The validity of the results is determined by the skill with which any method is used. The critical factor is not what method is used but rather the skill with which it is used.
(Notes in OHP Sheets)
Eclectic Counseling
- Synthetic and combination of directive and non-directive counseling
- Counselor is neither too active nor too passive
- Chief advocate: Thorne
- Counselor studies the personality and needs of client based on the need of client, eclectic counseling is used
-techniques used are:
· Reassurance
· Giving information
· Case history
· Testing
Counselor starts with directive technique, then switches on to the non-directive technique.
Steps in Eclectic Counseling
1) Diagnosis of the cause
2) Analysis of the problem
3) Preparing tentative plans for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling
5) Stimulating the client to develop his own resources and trying new models of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of related problems which help in adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic counseling
1) Passive methods must be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods are used only with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his stories passive methods are used. It permits emotional release.
4) Complex methods are used only when simple methods fail.
5) Client-centered
6) Client is given opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly.
7) Directive methods are used where co-operations of other persons are needed for the solution.
Characteristics of Eclectic Counseling
1) Objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning client active methods are used
3) Counselor remains passive.
4) Importance is given to job efficiency and treatment.
5) Principle of low expenditure.
6) Professional efficiency and skill of counselors are must.
7) Based on the need of client, directive and non-directive methods are used.
8) Provide opportunity to client to find solutions to his problems himself.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) It is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Directive and non-directive cannot be mixed.
3) How much freedom should be given to the client?
4) Lack of skill of counselor can do more harm than good.
[ REFERENCES
1) Guidance and Career Counseling (A.K Nayak., V.K Rao.)
2) Principle of Educational and Vocational Guidance (K .Sharma.)
3) Elementary Guidance and Counseling (Rashmi Agarwal)
4) Fundamentals of Guidance and Counseling (R.A. Sharma)
5) The Basic Essentials of Counseling (Indu Dave)
6) Guidance and Counseling (Indira Madhukas)
]
ECLECTIC COUNSELING
ECLECTIC COUNSELLING
INTRODUCTION
Counseling is a generic service of student’s personal work having a wide range of activities and includes faculty advising, counseling in psychological clinics, mental hygiene and other specialized types of counseling. It is a body of techniques which helps young individuals to grow up normally through guided learning. Counseling has proved to be very useful for the development of an individual student. Colleges and Universities, industries and business establishments are becoming increasingly interested in counseling and its potential for improving interpersonal relationships. “Counseling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship between the people in which procedures vary with the nature of the student’s needs, but in which there is always mutual participation by the counselor and the student with the focus up on self-classification and self-determination by the student. ”
Counseling is classified in to different types. This division is done based on the nature of the counseling process and the part of the counselor. There are three main types of counseling. They are directive, non-directive and eclectic counseling. In directive counseling counselor is active. In non-directive, counselor is passive.
ECLECTIC COUNSELING
Eclectic counseling is defined as the synthesis and combination of directive and non-directive counseling. It represents a middle status between the two extremes represented by the ‘non-directive’ technique on one hand and the ‘directive’ technique on the other. In eclectic counseling, the counselor is neither too active as in the directive counseling nor too passive as in the non-directive counseling. He just follows the middle path between these two.
The chief advocate of this type of counseling is Thorne. In eclectic counseling, the needs of a person and his personality are studied by the counselor. After this the counselor selects those techniques, which will be useful for the person. The main techniques used are reassurance giving information, case history, testing etc.
In eclectic counseling the counselor first takes into consideration the personality and need of the counselee. He selects the directive or non-directive technique that seems to serve the purpose best. The counselor may start with the directive technique. When the situation demands, he may switch over to the non-directive counseling and vice-versa. An attempt is made to adjust the technique to the requirements of the situation and the individual.
Steps in Eclectic counseling
The leading exponent of the Eclectic counseling Thorne, suggested the following in the process;
1) Diagnosis of the cause.
2) Analysis of the problem.
3) Preparation of a tentative plan for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling.
5) Interviewing and stimulating the client to develop his own resources and to assume its responsibility for trying new modes of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of any related problems which may contribute to adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic Counseling
1) In general, passive methods should be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods may be used with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his story, passive techniques are usually the methods of choice. This permits emotional release.
4) Until simple methods have failed, complicated methods should not be attempted.
5) All counseling should be client centered.
6) Every client should be given an opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly. Inability of the client to progress through therapy as using passive methods alone is an indication for utilizing more directive methods.
7) Directive methods are usually indicated in situational mal adjustment where a solution cannot be achieved with out co-operation from other persons.
Characteristic of Eclectic Counseling
1) In this, objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning of counseling, client-active methods are used and the counselor remains passive.
3) In this, more importance is assigned to the job efficiency and treatment.
4) In this, the principle of low expenditure is emphasized.
5) In such counseling, for the use of all the methods and techniques, the professional efficiency and skill of the counselor are must.
6) Keeping in mind the need of the client, it is decided whether directive method or non-directive methods should be used.
7) Making an opportunity available to the client is insisted so that he may find himself the solution of the problem.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) Some people are of the view that eclectic counseling is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Both directive and non-directive counseling cannot be mixed together.
3) In this, the question arises how much freedom should be given to the client? For this there is non-definite rule.
4) The problem with an eclectic orientation is that counselors often do more harm than good if they have little or no understanding about what is helping the client.
Hierarchy of Eclectic Practices
McBride and Martin advocate a hierarchy of eclectic practices and discuss the importance of having a sound theoretical base as a guide. The lowest or first level of eclecticism is really syncretism – a sloppy unsystematic process of putting unrelated clinical concepts together. It is encouraged when graduate students are urged to formulate their own theories of counseling without first having experienced how tested models work. The second level of eclecticism is traditional. It incorporates “an orderly combination of compatible features from diverse sources harmonious whole“. Theories are examined in greater depth. On a third level, eclecticism is described as professional or theoretical or as theoretical integration.
This type requires that counselor master at least two theories before trying to make any combinations. A final level of eclecticism is called technical eclecticism. In this approach, procedures from different theories are selected and used in treatment.
CONCLUSION
F.C. Thorne, who is the exponent of this view, finds that it is possible for a counselor to alternate between directive and non-directive methods even in the same interview without disrupting the non-directive permissive relationship with the client. He selects the techniques according to the requirements of the situation and the individual. The counselor must be competent and proficient in the use of all available methods. The validity of the results is determined by the skill with which any method is used. The critical factor is not what method is used but rather the skill with which it is used.
(Notes in OHP Sheets)
Eclectic Counseling
- Synthetic and combination of directive and non-directive counseling
- Counselor is neither too active nor too passive
- Chief advocate: Thorne
- Counselor studies the personality and needs of client based on the need of client, eclectic counseling is used
-techniques used are:
· Reassurance
· Giving information
· Case history
· Testing
Counselor starts with directive technique, then switches on to the non-directive technique.
Steps in Eclectic Counseling
1) Diagnosis of the cause
2) Analysis of the problem
3) Preparing tentative plans for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling
5) Stimulating the client to develop his own resources and trying new models of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of related problems which help in adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic counseling
1) Passive methods must be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods are used only with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his stories passive methods are used. It permits emotional release.
4) Complex methods are used only when simple methods fail.
5) Client-centered
6) Client is given opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly.
7) Directive methods are used where co-operations of other persons are needed for the solution.
Characteristics of Eclectic Counseling
1) Objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning client active methods are used
3) Counselor remains passive.
4) Importance is given to job efficiency and treatment.
5) Principle of low expenditure.
6) Professional efficiency and skill of counselors are must.
7) Based on the need of client, directive and non-directive methods are used.
8) Provide opportunity to client to find solutions to his problems himself.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) It is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Directive and non-directive cannot be mixed.
3) How much freedom should be given to the client?
4) Lack of skill of counselor can do more harm than good.
[ REFERENCES
1) Guidance and Career Counseling (A.K Nayak., V.K Rao.)
2) Principle of Educational and Vocational Guidance (K .Sharma.)
3) Elementary Guidance and Counseling (Rashmi Agarwal)
4) Fundamentals of Guidance and Counseling (R.A. Sharma)
5) The Basic Essentials of Counseling (Indu Dave)
6) Guidance and Counseling (Indira Madhukas)
]
INTRODUCTION
Counseling is a generic service of student’s personal work having a wide range of activities and includes faculty advising, counseling in psychological clinics, mental hygiene and other specialized types of counseling. It is a body of techniques which helps young individuals to grow up normally through guided learning. Counseling has proved to be very useful for the development of an individual student. Colleges and Universities, industries and business establishments are becoming increasingly interested in counseling and its potential for improving interpersonal relationships. “Counseling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship between the people in which procedures vary with the nature of the student’s needs, but in which there is always mutual participation by the counselor and the student with the focus up on self-classification and self-determination by the student. ”
Counseling is classified in to different types. This division is done based on the nature of the counseling process and the part of the counselor. There are three main types of counseling. They are directive, non-directive and eclectic counseling. In directive counseling counselor is active. In non-directive, counselor is passive.
ECLECTIC COUNSELING
Eclectic counseling is defined as the synthesis and combination of directive and non-directive counseling. It represents a middle status between the two extremes represented by the ‘non-directive’ technique on one hand and the ‘directive’ technique on the other. In eclectic counseling, the counselor is neither too active as in the directive counseling nor too passive as in the non-directive counseling. He just follows the middle path between these two.
The chief advocate of this type of counseling is Thorne. In eclectic counseling, the needs of a person and his personality are studied by the counselor. After this the counselor selects those techniques, which will be useful for the person. The main techniques used are reassurance giving information, case history, testing etc.
In eclectic counseling the counselor first takes into consideration the personality and need of the counselee. He selects the directive or non-directive technique that seems to serve the purpose best. The counselor may start with the directive technique. When the situation demands, he may switch over to the non-directive counseling and vice-versa. An attempt is made to adjust the technique to the requirements of the situation and the individual.
Steps in Eclectic counseling
The leading exponent of the Eclectic counseling Thorne, suggested the following in the process;
1) Diagnosis of the cause.
2) Analysis of the problem.
3) Preparation of a tentative plan for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling.
5) Interviewing and stimulating the client to develop his own resources and to assume its responsibility for trying new modes of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of any related problems which may contribute to adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic Counseling
1) In general, passive methods should be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods may be used with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his story, passive techniques are usually the methods of choice. This permits emotional release.
4) Until simple methods have failed, complicated methods should not be attempted.
5) All counseling should be client centered.
6) Every client should be given an opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly. Inability of the client to progress through therapy as using passive methods alone is an indication for utilizing more directive methods.
7) Directive methods are usually indicated in situational mal adjustment where a solution cannot be achieved with out co-operation from other persons.
Characteristic of Eclectic Counseling
1) In this, objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning of counseling, client-active methods are used and the counselor remains passive.
3) In this, more importance is assigned to the job efficiency and treatment.
4) In this, the principle of low expenditure is emphasized.
5) In such counseling, for the use of all the methods and techniques, the professional efficiency and skill of the counselor are must.
6) Keeping in mind the need of the client, it is decided whether directive method or non-directive methods should be used.
7) Making an opportunity available to the client is insisted so that he may find himself the solution of the problem.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) Some people are of the view that eclectic counseling is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Both directive and non-directive counseling cannot be mixed together.
3) In this, the question arises how much freedom should be given to the client? For this there is non-definite rule.
4) The problem with an eclectic orientation is that counselors often do more harm than good if they have little or no understanding about what is helping the client.
Hierarchy of Eclectic Practices
McBride and Martin advocate a hierarchy of eclectic practices and discuss the importance of having a sound theoretical base as a guide. The lowest or first level of eclecticism is really syncretism – a sloppy unsystematic process of putting unrelated clinical concepts together. It is encouraged when graduate students are urged to formulate their own theories of counseling without first having experienced how tested models work. The second level of eclecticism is traditional. It incorporates “an orderly combination of compatible features from diverse sources harmonious whole“. Theories are examined in greater depth. On a third level, eclecticism is described as professional or theoretical or as theoretical integration.
This type requires that counselor master at least two theories before trying to make any combinations. A final level of eclecticism is called technical eclecticism. In this approach, procedures from different theories are selected and used in treatment.
CONCLUSION
F.C. Thorne, who is the exponent of this view, finds that it is possible for a counselor to alternate between directive and non-directive methods even in the same interview without disrupting the non-directive permissive relationship with the client. He selects the techniques according to the requirements of the situation and the individual. The counselor must be competent and proficient in the use of all available methods. The validity of the results is determined by the skill with which any method is used. The critical factor is not what method is used but rather the skill with which it is used.
(Notes in OHP Sheets)
Eclectic Counseling
- Synthetic and combination of directive and non-directive counseling
- Counselor is neither too active nor too passive
- Chief advocate: Thorne
- Counselor studies the personality and needs of client based on the need of client, eclectic counseling is used
-techniques used are:
· Reassurance
· Giving information
· Case history
· Testing
Counselor starts with directive technique, then switches on to the non-directive technique.
Steps in Eclectic Counseling
1) Diagnosis of the cause
2) Analysis of the problem
3) Preparing tentative plans for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling
5) Stimulating the client to develop his own resources and trying new models of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of related problems which help in adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic counseling
1) Passive methods must be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods are used only with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his stories passive methods are used. It permits emotional release.
4) Complex methods are used only when simple methods fail.
5) Client-centered
6) Client is given opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly.
7) Directive methods are used where co-operations of other persons are needed for the solution.
Characteristics of Eclectic Counseling
1) Objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning client active methods are used
3) Counselor remains passive.
4) Importance is given to job efficiency and treatment.
5) Principle of low expenditure.
6) Professional efficiency and skill of counselors are must.
7) Based on the need of client, directive and non-directive methods are used.
8) Provide opportunity to client to find solutions to his problems himself.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) It is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Directive and non-directive cannot be mixed.
3) How much freedom should be given to the client?
4) Lack of skill of counselor can do more harm than good.
[ REFERENCES
1) Guidance and Career Counseling (A.K Nayak., V.K Rao.)
2) Principle of Educational and Vocational Guidance (K .Sharma.)
3) Elementary Guidance and Counseling (Rashmi Agarwal)
4) Fundamentals of Guidance and Counseling (R.A. Sharma)
5) The Basic Essentials of Counseling (Indu Dave)
6) Guidance and Counseling (Indira Madhukas)
]
ECLECTIC COUNSELING
ECLECTIC COUNSELLING
INTRODUCTION
Counseling is a generic service of student’s personal work having a wide range of activities and includes faculty advising, counseling in psychological clinics, mental hygiene and other specialized types of counseling. It is a body of techniques which helps young individuals to grow up normally through guided learning. Counseling has proved to be very useful for the development of an individual student. Colleges and Universities, industries and business establishments are becoming increasingly interested in counseling and its potential for improving interpersonal relationships. “Counseling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship between the people in which procedures vary with the nature of the student’s needs, but in which there is always mutual participation by the counselor and the student with the focus up on self-classification and self-determination by the student. ”
Counseling is classified in to different types. This division is done based on the nature of the counseling process and the part of the counselor. There are three main types of counseling. They are directive, non-directive and eclectic counseling. In directive counseling counselor is active. In non-directive, counselor is passive.
ECLECTIC COUNSELING
Eclectic counseling is defined as the synthesis and combination of directive and non-directive counseling. It represents a middle status between the two extremes represented by the ‘non-directive’ technique on one hand and the ‘directive’ technique on the other. In eclectic counseling, the counselor is neither too active as in the directive counseling nor too passive as in the non-directive counseling. He just follows the middle path between these two.
The chief advocate of this type of counseling is Thorne. In eclectic counseling, the needs of a person and his personality are studied by the counselor. After this the counselor selects those techniques, which will be useful for the person. The main techniques used are reassurance giving information, case history, testing etc.
In eclectic counseling the counselor first takes into consideration the personality and need of the counselee. He selects the directive or non-directive technique that seems to serve the purpose best. The counselor may start with the directive technique. When the situation demands, he may switch over to the non-directive counseling and vice-versa. An attempt is made to adjust the technique to the requirements of the situation and the individual.
Steps in Eclectic counseling
The leading exponent of the Eclectic counseling Thorne, suggested the following in the process;
1) Diagnosis of the cause.
2) Analysis of the problem.
3) Preparation of a tentative plan for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling.
5) Interviewing and stimulating the client to develop his own resources and to assume its responsibility for trying new modes of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of any related problems which may contribute to adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic Counseling
1) In general, passive methods should be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods may be used with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his story, passive techniques are usually the methods of choice. This permits emotional release.
4) Until simple methods have failed, complicated methods should not be attempted.
5) All counseling should be client centered.
6) Every client should be given an opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly. Inability of the client to progress through therapy as using passive methods alone is an indication for utilizing more directive methods.
7) Directive methods are usually indicated in situational mal adjustment where a solution cannot be achieved with out co-operation from other persons.
Characteristic of Eclectic Counseling
1) In this, objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning of counseling, client-active methods are used and the counselor remains passive.
3) In this, more importance is assigned to the job efficiency and treatment.
4) In this, the principle of low expenditure is emphasized.
5) In such counseling, for the use of all the methods and techniques, the professional efficiency and skill of the counselor are must.
6) Keeping in mind the need of the client, it is decided whether directive method or non-directive methods should be used.
7) Making an opportunity available to the client is insisted so that he may find himself the solution of the problem.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) Some people are of the view that eclectic counseling is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Both directive and non-directive counseling cannot be mixed together.
3) In this, the question arises how much freedom should be given to the client? For this there is non-definite rule.
4) The problem with an eclectic orientation is that counselors often do more harm than good if they have little or no understanding about what is helping the client.
Hierarchy of Eclectic Practices
McBride and Martin advocate a hierarchy of eclectic practices and discuss the importance of having a sound theoretical base as a guide. The lowest or first level of eclecticism is really syncretism – a sloppy unsystematic process of putting unrelated clinical concepts together. It is encouraged when graduate students are urged to formulate their own theories of counseling without first having experienced how tested models work. The second level of eclecticism is traditional. It incorporates “an orderly combination of compatible features from diverse sources harmonious whole“. Theories are examined in greater depth. On a third level, eclecticism is described as professional or theoretical or as theoretical integration.
This type requires that counselor master at least two theories before trying to make any combinations. A final level of eclecticism is called technical eclecticism. In this approach, procedures from different theories are selected and used in treatment.
CONCLUSION
F.C. Thorne, who is the exponent of this view, finds that it is possible for a counselor to alternate between directive and non-directive methods even in the same interview without disrupting the non-directive permissive relationship with the client. He selects the techniques according to the requirements of the situation and the individual. The counselor must be competent and proficient in the use of all available methods. The validity of the results is determined by the skill with which any method is used. The critical factor is not what method is used but rather the skill with which it is used.
(Notes in OHP Sheets)
Eclectic Counseling
- Synthetic and combination of directive and non-directive counseling
- Counselor is neither too active nor too passive
- Chief advocate: Thorne
- Counselor studies the personality and needs of client based on the need of client, eclectic counseling is used
-techniques used are:
· Reassurance
· Giving information
· Case history
· Testing
Counselor starts with directive technique, then switches on to the non-directive technique.
Steps in Eclectic Counseling
1) Diagnosis of the cause
2) Analysis of the problem
3) Preparing tentative plans for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling
5) Stimulating the client to develop his own resources and trying new models of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of related problems which help in adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic counseling
1) Passive methods must be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods are used only with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his stories passive methods are used. It permits emotional release.
4) Complex methods are used only when simple methods fail.
5) Client-centered
6) Client is given opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly.
7) Directive methods are used where co-operations of other persons are needed for the solution.
Characteristics of Eclectic Counseling
1) Objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning client active methods are used
3) Counselor remains passive.
4) Importance is given to job efficiency and treatment.
5) Principle of low expenditure.
6) Professional efficiency and skill of counselors are must.
7) Based on the need of client, directive and non-directive methods are used.
8) Provide opportunity to client to find solutions to his problems himself.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) It is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Directive and non-directive cannot be mixed.
3) How much freedom should be given to the client?
4) Lack of skill of counselor can do more harm than good.
[ REFERENCES
1) Guidance and Career Counseling (A.K Nayak., V.K Rao.)
2) Principle of Educational and Vocational Guidance (K .Sharma.)
3) Elementary Guidance and Counseling (Rashmi Agarwal)
4) Fundamentals of Guidance and Counseling (R.A. Sharma)
5) The Basic Essentials of Counseling (Indu Dave)
6) Guidance and Counseling (Indira Madhukas)
]
INTRODUCTION
Counseling is a generic service of student’s personal work having a wide range of activities and includes faculty advising, counseling in psychological clinics, mental hygiene and other specialized types of counseling. It is a body of techniques which helps young individuals to grow up normally through guided learning. Counseling has proved to be very useful for the development of an individual student. Colleges and Universities, industries and business establishments are becoming increasingly interested in counseling and its potential for improving interpersonal relationships. “Counseling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship between the people in which procedures vary with the nature of the student’s needs, but in which there is always mutual participation by the counselor and the student with the focus up on self-classification and self-determination by the student. ”
Counseling is classified in to different types. This division is done based on the nature of the counseling process and the part of the counselor. There are three main types of counseling. They are directive, non-directive and eclectic counseling. In directive counseling counselor is active. In non-directive, counselor is passive.
ECLECTIC COUNSELING
Eclectic counseling is defined as the synthesis and combination of directive and non-directive counseling. It represents a middle status between the two extremes represented by the ‘non-directive’ technique on one hand and the ‘directive’ technique on the other. In eclectic counseling, the counselor is neither too active as in the directive counseling nor too passive as in the non-directive counseling. He just follows the middle path between these two.
The chief advocate of this type of counseling is Thorne. In eclectic counseling, the needs of a person and his personality are studied by the counselor. After this the counselor selects those techniques, which will be useful for the person. The main techniques used are reassurance giving information, case history, testing etc.
In eclectic counseling the counselor first takes into consideration the personality and need of the counselee. He selects the directive or non-directive technique that seems to serve the purpose best. The counselor may start with the directive technique. When the situation demands, he may switch over to the non-directive counseling and vice-versa. An attempt is made to adjust the technique to the requirements of the situation and the individual.
Steps in Eclectic counseling
The leading exponent of the Eclectic counseling Thorne, suggested the following in the process;
1) Diagnosis of the cause.
2) Analysis of the problem.
3) Preparation of a tentative plan for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling.
5) Interviewing and stimulating the client to develop his own resources and to assume its responsibility for trying new modes of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of any related problems which may contribute to adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic Counseling
1) In general, passive methods should be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods may be used with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his story, passive techniques are usually the methods of choice. This permits emotional release.
4) Until simple methods have failed, complicated methods should not be attempted.
5) All counseling should be client centered.
6) Every client should be given an opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly. Inability of the client to progress through therapy as using passive methods alone is an indication for utilizing more directive methods.
7) Directive methods are usually indicated in situational mal adjustment where a solution cannot be achieved with out co-operation from other persons.
Characteristic of Eclectic Counseling
1) In this, objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning of counseling, client-active methods are used and the counselor remains passive.
3) In this, more importance is assigned to the job efficiency and treatment.
4) In this, the principle of low expenditure is emphasized.
5) In such counseling, for the use of all the methods and techniques, the professional efficiency and skill of the counselor are must.
6) Keeping in mind the need of the client, it is decided whether directive method or non-directive methods should be used.
7) Making an opportunity available to the client is insisted so that he may find himself the solution of the problem.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) Some people are of the view that eclectic counseling is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Both directive and non-directive counseling cannot be mixed together.
3) In this, the question arises how much freedom should be given to the client? For this there is non-definite rule.
4) The problem with an eclectic orientation is that counselors often do more harm than good if they have little or no understanding about what is helping the client.
Hierarchy of Eclectic Practices
McBride and Martin advocate a hierarchy of eclectic practices and discuss the importance of having a sound theoretical base as a guide. The lowest or first level of eclecticism is really syncretism – a sloppy unsystematic process of putting unrelated clinical concepts together. It is encouraged when graduate students are urged to formulate their own theories of counseling without first having experienced how tested models work. The second level of eclecticism is traditional. It incorporates “an orderly combination of compatible features from diverse sources harmonious whole“. Theories are examined in greater depth. On a third level, eclecticism is described as professional or theoretical or as theoretical integration.
This type requires that counselor master at least two theories before trying to make any combinations. A final level of eclecticism is called technical eclecticism. In this approach, procedures from different theories are selected and used in treatment.
CONCLUSION
F.C. Thorne, who is the exponent of this view, finds that it is possible for a counselor to alternate between directive and non-directive methods even in the same interview without disrupting the non-directive permissive relationship with the client. He selects the techniques according to the requirements of the situation and the individual. The counselor must be competent and proficient in the use of all available methods. The validity of the results is determined by the skill with which any method is used. The critical factor is not what method is used but rather the skill with which it is used.
(Notes in OHP Sheets)
Eclectic Counseling
- Synthetic and combination of directive and non-directive counseling
- Counselor is neither too active nor too passive
- Chief advocate: Thorne
- Counselor studies the personality and needs of client based on the need of client, eclectic counseling is used
-techniques used are:
· Reassurance
· Giving information
· Case history
· Testing
Counselor starts with directive technique, then switches on to the non-directive technique.
Steps in Eclectic Counseling
1) Diagnosis of the cause
2) Analysis of the problem
3) Preparing tentative plans for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counseling
5) Stimulating the client to develop his own resources and trying new models of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of related problems which help in adjustment.
Assumptions of Eclectic counseling
1) Passive methods must be used whenever possible.
2) Active methods are used only with specific indications.
3) In the early stages when the client is telling his stories passive methods are used. It permits emotional release.
4) Complex methods are used only when simple methods fail.
5) Client-centered
6) Client is given opportunity to resolve his problems indirectly.
7) Directive methods are used where co-operations of other persons are needed for the solution.
Characteristics of Eclectic Counseling
1) Objective and coordinating methods are used.
2) In the beginning client active methods are used
3) Counselor remains passive.
4) Importance is given to job efficiency and treatment.
5) Principle of low expenditure.
6) Professional efficiency and skill of counselors are must.
7) Based on the need of client, directive and non-directive methods are used.
8) Provide opportunity to client to find solutions to his problems himself.
Disadvantages of Eclectic Counseling
1) It is vague, opportunistic and superficial.
2) Directive and non-directive cannot be mixed.
3) How much freedom should be given to the client?
4) Lack of skill of counselor can do more harm than good.
[ REFERENCES
1) Guidance and Career Counseling (A.K Nayak., V.K Rao.)
2) Principle of Educational and Vocational Guidance (K .Sharma.)
3) Elementary Guidance and Counseling (Rashmi Agarwal)
4) Fundamentals of Guidance and Counseling (R.A. Sharma)
5) The Basic Essentials of Counseling (Indu Dave)
6) Guidance and Counseling (Indira Madhukas)
]
CLIENT CENTERED COUNSELING
Introduction
This is also known as phenomenological approach to counseling or therapy. Kant described to different aspects of the world. The phenomena would plan thing which are independent of our senses and hence unknown and phenomena which means knowledge of things gained by our senses. Carl Rogers’s phenomenal field of this individual meant the totality of his own experiences. His theory is also called self theory since he places greater emphasis on getting to know oneself as much as possible the self being conscious part of the phenomenal field and the self concept being a series of hypothesis one has about oneself, right or wrong. The nucleus of his theory is his concept of self. He also assumed that h\the human being is an organism, the total individual.
Features
A few salient features of his personality theory are:
1) The individual is an organized whole and self actualization is his basic aim of life which is achieved only through his interaction with the environment as experienced and perceived by him.
2) The totality of experiences at a given time of which he is aware constitutes his phenomenal field that part of this field which the individual experienced as part of him self is his phenomenal self.
3) The most important and consistent self perceptions organize themselves in to a pattern that is self concise.
4) Most of the behaviors of the individual conform to the concept of self personality development Rogers’s means congruence between the phenomenal field and the concept of self resulting in to a balanced personality free from stress and anxiety.
5) The incongruence may lead to anxiety depression and threat.
Rogers’s approach to counseling first known as non-directive counseling and later called client centered therapy is found on certain assumption about the nature of human being.
Techniques and Characteristics of Counseling
The counseling technique of the client centered therapy aims at releasing individual’s potential and capacities of self actualization and self-development through the counseling interviews. It aims at helping the counselee grow, learn to solve his problems at his own and be a self-reliant being capable of facing life problems. It aims at bringing about an internal evaluation with in the counselee.
An important factor in non-directive counseling is the behavior of the counselor. The role of the counselor is that of a sympathetic and interested listener who passes no value judgments. He simply reflects back and relates in his own words the statements of the client, clarifies them only with out approving or disapproving them. Counselee relationship is of paramount importance. The counselor is required in this relationship to show warmth of feeling and understanding coupled with a non-evaluating attitude the counselor remains highly permissive, accepting the counselee neither probing nor interpreting nor showing any personal relation to what the counselee says. Internal change in the counselee is regarded a function of this permissive relationship.
He does not distort what happens between himself and his client. He always considers the client of great value irrespective of his faults and short comings. He is empathetic towards his client capable of accurately perceiving what the client things or feels.
Verbal behavior here is taken as data and one looks for what the person is “saying” beyond or behind the words he uses. Such sessions are carried on over periods of many hours and through overall workshops lasting for several days or a week or more. The groups eventually over come to discuss very basic feelings of one participant towards another and become more sensitive to the possible meanings statements that seem unit devoid of emotional content to the untrained.
Reference:
Fundamental Principles of Guidance and Counseling
- Sharma.]
Introduction
This is also known as phenomenological approach to counseling or therapy. Kant described to different aspects of the world. The phenomena would plan thing which are independent of our senses and hence unknown and phenomena which means knowledge of things gained by our senses. Carl Rogers’s phenomenal field of this individual meant the totality of his own experiences. His theory is also called self theory since he places greater emphasis on getting to know oneself as much as possible the self being conscious part of the phenomenal field and the self concept being a series of hypothesis one has about oneself, right or wrong. The nucleus of his theory is his concept of self. He also assumed that h\the human being is an organism, the total individual.
Features
A few salient features of his personality theory are:
1) The individual is an organized whole and self actualization is his basic aim of life which is achieved only through his interaction with the environment as experienced and perceived by him.
2) The totality of experiences at a given time of which he is aware constitutes his phenomenal field that part of this field which the individual experienced as part of him self is his phenomenal self.
3) The most important and consistent self perceptions organize themselves in to a pattern that is self concise.
4) Most of the behaviors of the individual conform to the concept of self personality development Rogers’s means congruence between the phenomenal field and the concept of self resulting in to a balanced personality free from stress and anxiety.
5) The incongruence may lead to anxiety depression and threat.
Rogers’s approach to counseling first known as non-directive counseling and later called client centered therapy is found on certain assumption about the nature of human being.
Techniques and Characteristics of Counseling
The counseling technique of the client centered therapy aims at releasing individual’s potential and capacities of self actualization and self-development through the counseling interviews. It aims at helping the counselee grow, learn to solve his problems at his own and be a self-reliant being capable of facing life problems. It aims at bringing about an internal evaluation with in the counselee.
An important factor in non-directive counseling is the behavior of the counselor. The role of the counselor is that of a sympathetic and interested listener who passes no value judgments. He simply reflects back and relates in his own words the statements of the client, clarifies them only with out approving or disapproving them. Counselee relationship is of paramount importance. The counselor is required in this relationship to show warmth of feeling and understanding coupled with a non-evaluating attitude the counselor remains highly permissive, accepting the counselee neither probing nor interpreting nor showing any personal relation to what the counselee says. Internal change in the counselee is regarded a function of this permissive relationship.
He does not distort what happens between himself and his client. He always considers the client of great value irrespective of his faults and short comings. He is empathetic towards his client capable of accurately perceiving what the client things or feels.
Verbal behavior here is taken as data and one looks for what the person is “saying” beyond or behind the words he uses. Such sessions are carried on over periods of many hours and through overall workshops lasting for several days or a week or more. The groups eventually over come to discuss very basic feelings of one participant towards another and become more sensitive to the possible meanings statements that seem unit devoid of emotional content to the untrained.
Reference:
Fundamental Principles of Guidance and Counseling
- Sharma.]
DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING
DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING
In this type of approach the counselor plays an important role .A major goal is to replace the emotional behavior of the individual with deliberately rationale behavior .Although he avoids dictatorial advice .This approach is also known as counselor-centered. Under this process the counselor plans the counseling process, his work is to analyze the problem, identify the triggers identify the exact nature of the problem and provide various options.
Williamson was a great profounder of this kind of approach as he stated that this approach is good to address the problems relating to educational and vocational adjustment.This type of counseling is a concept,where educational and vocational guidance relate to the personality dynamics and interpersonal relationship.This type pf counseling is more useful where the individual wants information and advice for choice of a career.This approach does not focus its attention on personality development as such.
Steps of Directive counseling:-
Williamson has given six steps Directive counseling:
1)Analysis :It includes collection of information about the individual which can be collected through structured interviews,psychological case history methods, Interaction with family members, friends, etc.
2) Synthesis: After collection of lot data the information is organized in the logical manner to analyse the individual in terms of his qualifications, assets, potentials, liability adjustment, cultural background, habits etc.
3) Diagnosis :The diagnosis consists of the interpretation of the data in relation to the nature and problem, the causes of problems.
4)Prognosis: Under this step a prediction is made about the future development of the problem.
5)Counseling : The counseling here is to bring about adjustment and re-adjustment to the individual in relation to his problem. Attitudes and interest of the individual are considered during the counseling.It emphasis the individual to develop life cycle where an effort in the positive direction could lead to success and success in turn could lead to further efforts and motivations.
6)Follow -up :The sixth step in directive counseling is follow up which is extremely important. An individual may be able to solve immediate problems through counseling but new problems may occur or the original problem may re-occur. Follow-up with the client is extremely necessary. The role of counselor is important as he has to make the individual understand and accept his strength and also his weakness and faults.
That technique is considered as a most economic approach and important for student counseling because it is less time consuming and student who lack experience are easily influenced by the counselor’s experience and specialize knowledge. The students feel that the counselor has superior Knowledge and therefore a professional relation takes place. The relation is the base of this kind of approach. A submissive and highly emotionalized counseling of student can cultivate self-confidence in the individual. A relationship is based on dignity to help the student to reach his goal.
Directive or Counselor-centered or prescriptive counseling: Counselor-centered counseling revolves around the counselor. He tries to lit good relations to the friendship and assistance. In this, the counselor is active and he expresses his ideas and attitudes independently. He evaluates expressions of the client. According to this view point the counseling interview .In this, the counselor asks a series of standardized questions. Each carries a short answer. The counselor does not allow the development of expression and feelings. He leads as an expert, evaluates and gives suggestion vice.
I Basic Assumptions of Directive Counseling :
According to Willy, the following can be the basic assumptions of directive counseling-
a) Competency in giving Advice-: The counselor posses the best training experience and information. He is more competent to provide an advice to problem.
b) Counseling as an intellectual process -: An client’s intellectual is not destroyed as a result of mal-adjustment. Hence counseling is primarily an intellectual process .It stresses upon the intellectual aspects of a person instead of emotional aspects of the personality.
c) Counseling objectives as problem solving situation-: The objective counseling are achieved through problem solving situation.
d) Client’s incapability of solving the process-: The counselor does not posses the capability for solving the problem always.
Advantages of Directive counseling:
1) This method is useful from the time consuming view- point .It saves time.
2) In this type of counseling, there is more focus on the problem and the person.
3) The counselor can look the client directly.
4) Counseling focuses more on the intellectual aspects of the person than emotional aspect of the personality.
5)In this process, the counselor becomes readily available to help which makes the client very happy.
Limitations of Directive counseling-:
1) In this process the client is more dependent. He is also less able to solve new problems of adjustment.
2) As the client is never independent of the counselor, it is not an efficient best guidance.
3) Unless and until a person does not develop some attitude through experiences, he cannot make any decision himself.
4) The counselor fails in serving the client to commit the mistakes in future
CONCLUSION
As the client was in need of some information regarding his vocation, counselor provided that to the best of his knowledge. He wanted to select a direction and the counselor helped him in choosing that the counselor gave some alternatives in the same line so that the client may be able to select avocation according to his choice and can choose a career if he is not able to go for IIT.
During counseling, the counselor tried to explore the reason for his choice of vocation, like why is he motivated towards this job? Is his selection worthy and genuine?
[ References:
1) Elementary Guidance and counseling
-Rashmi Agrawal
2) Guidance and counseling
-R.A. Sharma
3) Guidance and counseling skills
-Ramesh Chathurvedi ]
In this type of approach the counselor plays an important role .A major goal is to replace the emotional behavior of the individual with deliberately rationale behavior .Although he avoids dictatorial advice .This approach is also known as counselor-centered. Under this process the counselor plans the counseling process, his work is to analyze the problem, identify the triggers identify the exact nature of the problem and provide various options.
Williamson was a great profounder of this kind of approach as he stated that this approach is good to address the problems relating to educational and vocational adjustment.This type of counseling is a concept,where educational and vocational guidance relate to the personality dynamics and interpersonal relationship.This type pf counseling is more useful where the individual wants information and advice for choice of a career.This approach does not focus its attention on personality development as such.
Steps of Directive counseling:-
Williamson has given six steps Directive counseling:
1)Analysis :It includes collection of information about the individual which can be collected through structured interviews,psychological case history methods, Interaction with family members, friends, etc.
2) Synthesis: After collection of lot data the information is organized in the logical manner to analyse the individual in terms of his qualifications, assets, potentials, liability adjustment, cultural background, habits etc.
3) Diagnosis :The diagnosis consists of the interpretation of the data in relation to the nature and problem, the causes of problems.
4)Prognosis: Under this step a prediction is made about the future development of the problem.
5)Counseling : The counseling here is to bring about adjustment and re-adjustment to the individual in relation to his problem. Attitudes and interest of the individual are considered during the counseling.It emphasis the individual to develop life cycle where an effort in the positive direction could lead to success and success in turn could lead to further efforts and motivations.
6)Follow -up :The sixth step in directive counseling is follow up which is extremely important. An individual may be able to solve immediate problems through counseling but new problems may occur or the original problem may re-occur. Follow-up with the client is extremely necessary. The role of counselor is important as he has to make the individual understand and accept his strength and also his weakness and faults.
That technique is considered as a most economic approach and important for student counseling because it is less time consuming and student who lack experience are easily influenced by the counselor’s experience and specialize knowledge. The students feel that the counselor has superior Knowledge and therefore a professional relation takes place. The relation is the base of this kind of approach. A submissive and highly emotionalized counseling of student can cultivate self-confidence in the individual. A relationship is based on dignity to help the student to reach his goal.
Directive or Counselor-centered or prescriptive counseling: Counselor-centered counseling revolves around the counselor. He tries to lit good relations to the friendship and assistance. In this, the counselor is active and he expresses his ideas and attitudes independently. He evaluates expressions of the client. According to this view point the counseling interview .In this, the counselor asks a series of standardized questions. Each carries a short answer. The counselor does not allow the development of expression and feelings. He leads as an expert, evaluates and gives suggestion vice.
I Basic Assumptions of Directive Counseling :
According to Willy, the following can be the basic assumptions of directive counseling-
a) Competency in giving Advice-: The counselor posses the best training experience and information. He is more competent to provide an advice to problem.
b) Counseling as an intellectual process -: An client’s intellectual is not destroyed as a result of mal-adjustment. Hence counseling is primarily an intellectual process .It stresses upon the intellectual aspects of a person instead of emotional aspects of the personality.
c) Counseling objectives as problem solving situation-: The objective counseling are achieved through problem solving situation.
d) Client’s incapability of solving the process-: The counselor does not posses the capability for solving the problem always.
Advantages of Directive counseling:
1) This method is useful from the time consuming view- point .It saves time.
2) In this type of counseling, there is more focus on the problem and the person.
3) The counselor can look the client directly.
4) Counseling focuses more on the intellectual aspects of the person than emotional aspect of the personality.
5)In this process, the counselor becomes readily available to help which makes the client very happy.
Limitations of Directive counseling-:
1) In this process the client is more dependent. He is also less able to solve new problems of adjustment.
2) As the client is never independent of the counselor, it is not an efficient best guidance.
3) Unless and until a person does not develop some attitude through experiences, he cannot make any decision himself.
4) The counselor fails in serving the client to commit the mistakes in future
CONCLUSION
As the client was in need of some information regarding his vocation, counselor provided that to the best of his knowledge. He wanted to select a direction and the counselor helped him in choosing that the counselor gave some alternatives in the same line so that the client may be able to select avocation according to his choice and can choose a career if he is not able to go for IIT.
During counseling, the counselor tried to explore the reason for his choice of vocation, like why is he motivated towards this job? Is his selection worthy and genuine?
[ References:
1) Elementary Guidance and counseling
-Rashmi Agrawal
2) Guidance and counseling
-R.A. Sharma
3) Guidance and counseling skills
-Ramesh Chathurvedi ]
Monday, February 28, 2011
Couseling at High School
Couseling at High School
Reference:-
1. S.Narayana Rao- Counselling and Guidance,Second edition, (1997)Tata McGraw –Hill Publishing Company Limited.NewDelhi. Page No. 205 – 206
2. Guidence and counseling by S. NageswaraRao, Murugudu Sree Hari, Digumarti Bhaskara Rao (2004), Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi (Page No. 82 – 85)
Reference:-
1. S.Narayana Rao- Counselling and Guidance,Second edition, (1997)Tata McGraw –Hill Publishing Company Limited.NewDelhi. Page No. 205 – 206
2. Guidence and counseling by S. NageswaraRao, Murugudu Sree Hari, Digumarti Bhaskara Rao (2004), Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi (Page No. 82 – 85)
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